Australian Sheep and Wool Handbook [International Sheep and Wool Handbook], David John Cottle (1991 [2010])

Un livre couvrant un large éventail de sujets relatifs à l’industrie ovine et lainière.

Plan de l’article :

  1. Présentation
  2. Informations
  3. Table des matières
  4. Éditions
    1. Édition originale (Inkata Press, 1991)
    2. Réédition (Nottingham University Press, 2010)
    3. eBook (Nottingham University Press, 2010)

Présentation

Présentation de la réédition (Nottingham University Press, 2010).

Covering a broad range of topics relevant to the sheep and wool industry, this newly expanded edition—containing 11 new chapters and a more international scope—discusses future developments in all areas and provides an in-depth review of the meat aspects of the market. Separated into five distinct sections, the comprehensive survey summarizes the major world sheep and wool industries, biological principles, management, production systems, and the preparation, processing, and marketing of meat and wool. References and web links at the end of each chapter present further sources of information. From paddock to plate and farm to fabric, this overview is a must-have for all those involved in the trade, including producers, brokers, exporters, and processors.

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Traduction :

Couvrant un large éventail de sujets relatifs à l’industrie ovine et lainière, cette nouvelle édition élargie — contenant 11 nouveaux chapitres et ayant une portée plus internationale — aborde les développements futurs dans tous les domaines et fournit un examen approfondi des aspects du marché de la viande. Séparée en cinq sections distinctes, cette étude exhaustive résume les principales industries mondiales du mouton et de la laine, les principes biologiques, la gestion, les systèmes de production, ainsi que la préparation, la transformation et la commercialisation de la viande et de la laine. Les références et les liens Internet à la fin de chaque chapitre présentent d’autres sources d’information. Du pâturage à l’assiette et de la ferme au tissu, cet aperçu est un must pour tous ceux qui sont impliqués dans le commerce, y compris les producteurs, les courtiers, les exportateurs et les transformateurs.

Informations

Table des matières

Table des matières de la réédition (Nottingham University Press, 2010).

Foreword
Contents
Preface
World Sheep and Wool Production
   Early history
   Foundation species
   Sheep breed descriptions
   World sheep breeds
   Sheep breeds in Australia
      The wool producers
   The British breeds
      The longwools
      The mountain breeds
      The shortwools
      Merino derived breeds
      British derived breeds
   South African breeds
      South African Meat Merinos
      Fat tails
      Carpet-wool breeds
   Comparisons between breeds, strains and bloodlines
      Comparisons between Merino strains and bloodlines
      Comparisons of Merinos with other breeds or first crosses
      Comparisons of terminal prime-lamb sires
   World distribution of sheep
   World sheep population
   World wool trade
   World sheep meat production and trade
   World sheep-milk production
   World production of sheepskins
   The future
   Websites
   References
Australian Sheep and Wool Industries
   Overview
   Sheep and farm numbers
   Wool production and export
   Sheep meat production and export
   Production of sheepskins and by-products
   Value of the Australian sheep industry
   Structure of the Australian sheep industry
      Pastoral zone
      Wheat-sheep zone
      High-rainfall zone
   Early stage wool processing in Australia
   Meat processing in Australia
   Future developments
   References
   Websites
New Zealand Sheep and Wool Industries
   Overview
   Pastoral basis
   Natural values
   Emphasis on exports
   Family owned small businesses
   Mix of enterprises and skills
   Average farm characteristics
   Sheep numbers and types
   Wool
   Sheep meat
   Sheep skins and by-products
   Composition and structure of NZ sheep production
   Meat and wool processing industries
   Value of NZ sheep industry
   References
   Websites
South American Sheep and Wool Industries
   Overview
   Uruguay
      Future developments
   Argentina
      Meat and wool production
      Future developments
   Brazil
      Future developments
   Chile
      Future developments
   References
South African Sheep and Wool Industries
   Farming in South Africa
      Agricultural potential of South Africa
      Contribution of agriculture to the South African economy
   Livestock farming in South Africa
   Sheep farming in South Africa
      Sheep breeds
      Production regions and systems
      Trends in the national sheep flock
   Products
      Meat production
      Wool production
      Product prices
   Small stock improvement in South Africa
      History of small stock recording in South Africa and objectives of the scheme
      Reproduction
      Recording system
      Outputs
      Future developments in the NSIS
   Current and future developments
   References
Chinese Sheep and Wool Industries
   Historical overview
      Early sheep breeding efforts
      Introduction of HRS, wool market reforms, “wool wars” and emphasis on fine wool
      Emergence of the sheep meat industry
   Sheep breeds in China
      Fine wools
      Coarse-wool/meat-sheep
      Dual-purpose and semi-fine wool sheep
   Limitations of Chinese statistics
      Sheep numbers and sheep meat production statistics
      Wool production statistics
   Long-term trends, location and scale of production
      Sheep numbers and their location
      Wool production and its location
      “Mutton” production and its location
      Scale of sheep-raising
   Sheep production systems
      Pastoral localities
      Mixed pastoral and agricultural localities
      Agricultural localities
   Sheep raising units
      Unspecialised private households
      Specialised private households
      State farms
      “Dragon heads” and opportunistic private enterprises
   Wool marketing
      Wool marketing channels
      Wool grading standards
   Sheep and sheep meat marketing
      Seasonality and other problems in pastoral localities
      Importance of “rural trade” markets in more populated areas
      Slaughter households, traditional “wet” markets and food safety regulations
      Large-scale market places, abattoirs and modernisation
   Wool processing
      Background
      Restructuring and emergence of China as the wool textile powerhouse
      Lower-value domestic market sector
      Modern higher-quality and internationally-oriented sector
   Future developments
      Sheep numbers and wool output
      Sheep meat production and marketing
      Wool processing, marketing and trade
   References
   Website
European Sheep and Wool Industries
   Overview
   Sheep numbers
   Wool production
   Sheep meat production
   Production of sheep skin and by-products
   Value of the industry
   Forms of sheep enterprise
   Meat and wool processing industries
   Recent and future developments
   Abreviations
   References
   Websites
Breeding and Selection
   Introduction
   Breeding objectives
      The economically rational approach
      The desired gains approach
   Inheritance of quantitative traits
   Selection
      Response to selection
      Factors affecting response to selection
      Genetic evaluation
      Industry support systems
   Crossbreeding methods
      The genetic basis of crossbreeding
      Crossbreeding systems
   Genetics of production traits
      Wool production
      Disease and parasite resistance
      Reproduction and maternal behaviour traits
      Growth and carcass quality
      Future traits
   Combining quantitative and molecular genetics
      Marker assisted selection
   Reproductive technologies
      Artificial insemination
      Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
      Juvenile In Vitro Embryo Transfer (JIVET)
      Gene transfer
      Cloning
   References
   Websites
Reproduction
   Introduction
   Physiology of reproduction in sheep
      The female
      The male
   Regulation of natural reproductive performance in ewes
      Definitions
      Levels of reproductive performance in Australia
      Genotype
      Nutrition
      Physical environment and climate
      Management
   Regulation of reproductive performance in rams
      Genotype
      Effects of age and of sexual experience
      Nutrition
      Physical environment
      Health and management
   Mating systems
      Controlled natural mating
      Uncontrolled natural mating
   Artificial regulation of reproductive performance
      Artificial insemination (AI)
      Synchronisation of oestrus within the breeding season
      Extension of the breeding season
      Induction of oestrus and ovulation in anoestrous ewes
      Control of ovulation rate
      Intensive breeding programs
      Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
   Future developments
      MIVET and JIVET
      Sex preselection
      Cloning
   References
Pregnancy, Lambing and Survival
   Physiology of pregnancy and lambing
      The embryo
      Maternal recognition of pregnancy
      Implantation and the formation of placenta and foetal membranes
      The foetus and foetal development
      Parturition
      The endocrinology of pregnancy and parturition
      Biology of the newborn lamb and peripartum behaviour patterns
   Embryonic mortality
      Nature, timing and extent
      Causes of embryonic mortality
   Factors influencing foetal growth and development
      Function of the placenta and foetus
      Factors affecting the size of the placenta
      Environmental factors: nutrition and heat stress
      The relationship between placental size and the size of the foetus
      Consequences of intrauterine growth retardation on adult life
      Number of foetuses in the uterus and age of the ewe
   Perinatal mortality
      Extent and patterns
      Causes of perinatal mortality
      Birth weight and litter size
      Starvation – Mismothering – Exposure (SME) complex
      Starvation
      Mismothering
      Exposure
      Metabolic maturity at birth and cold resistance
      Dystocia
      Other causes
   Diagnosis of pregnancy and of litter size
      Ram harnesses
      Ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis
   Identifying the causes of reproductive wastage
      ’Wet and drying’
      Partial failure in multiple ovulations (PFMO)
   Nutrient requirements for pregnancy, lambing and early lactation
      Nutrition and the reproductive cycle
      Effects of under-nutrition
      Overfeeding
      Practical aspects of nutritional management
   Lambing management systems
      Level of supervision at lambing
      Alterations to the physical environment
   Improving lamb survival by selection
   Current and future developments
   References
Lactation and Lamb Growth
   Introduction
   Udder growth and milk removal
   Measurement of milk yield
      Hand or machine milking after oxytocin injection
         Lamb weighing
         Isotope dilution
         Measurement of lamb growth
         Choice of procedure
         Frequency of measurement and calculation of total yield
      Lactation performance
         Pattern of production
         Nutrition
         Milk composition
      Nutrient requirements of lactating ewes
         Feed intake
         Requirements for energy
         Effects of lactation on digestion
         Requirements for protein
         Feed quality and production level
      Nutrition of suckling lambs
         Milk intake
         Intake of solid food
      Milk yield-lamb growth relationships
      Artificial rearing of lambs
         Importance of colostrum
         Milk substitutes
         Feeding systems
      Early weaning of lambs
         Quality of the ration for early-weaned lambs
      Practical considerations
      Current and future developments
      References
      Website
Weaner Management
   The effect of weaner management on the whole farm enterprise
   Weaner management practices and strategies
      Goals of weaner management
      Pre- and post-weaning management
   Pre- and post-weaning nutrition
      Pre-weaning nutrition
      Post-weaning nutrition
   Consequences of poor weaner nutrition
      Wool production
      Reproduction
   Weaner illthrift and mortality
      Occurrence of weaner illthrift and mortality
      Causes of weaner illthrift, disease and mortality
      General risk factors for illthrift and mortality
      Management recommendations for preventing illthrift and mortality
   Recent and future developments
      ‘Walkover weighing’
   Related weblinks
   References
Digestion and Metabolism
   Introduction
   Anatomy and physiology of the ruminant digestive system
      The fore-gut
      The mid-gut
      The hind-gut
   Ruminant digestion
      Rumen microbes
   Digestion and metabolism of nutrients
   Feed intake
      Capacity of the gastrointestinal tract
      Energy balance
      Composition of rumen fluid
      Nutritional deficiencies
      Water load
      Palatability
      Physical form of the diet
      Physiological state
      Environmental effects
      Prediction of feed intake
   Composition of feed
   Analysis of feeds
   Feeding systems (energy)
      Starch equivalents
      Protein systems
      Other nutrients
   Maintenance and production requirements
      Maintenance
      Production
      Wool growth
   Vitamins, minerals, water and feed additives
      Vitamins
      Minerals
      Water
      Feed additives
   Recent developments
   References
   Websites
Feeding
   Background
   Feed intake
      Feed determinants of intake
   Feed preference and selective grazing
      Factors influencing diet selection by sheep
      Meeting nutrient demand
      Effects of selection and preference on supplementary feeding decisions
      Overcoming the effects of selective grazing
   Feeding the ewe
      Ewe management begins at weaning
      Ewe feeding management at joining
      Feed requirements of ewe lambs at joining
      Complementary feeding
      Nutrition during early pregnancy
      Nutrition of the ewe during mid pregnancy
      Nutrition of the ewe during late pregnancy
      Calcium nutrition for ewes in late pregnancy
      Nutrition of the ewe during lactation
      Water intake
   Stocking rate decisions
      Pasture composition
      Monitoring pasture
   Decision support tools
      Keys to DST success
   Mineral nutrition
      Mineral deficiencies
      Mineral interactions
      Mineral toxicities
      Supplementation with by-products / co-products
      Mineral requirements of sheep
      Sources of minerals
   Integration of sheep and crops
      Contribution of pastures and animals to crop production
      Contribution of crops to animal production
   Hand feeding
      Responses to hand feeding ewes prior to joining and in late pregnancy and lactation
      Hand feeding to enhance utilisation of dry feed
      Hand feeding rams
      Adaptation for lot feeding
      Feed budgeting
      Lot feeding
      Animal health
   Drought feeding
      Culling strategies
      How long will the drought last?
      Maintenance feed requirements
      Feeding management after the drought
      Preparation for drought
      Containment areas
   Future directions
   References
Wool Growth and Production
   Structure of the skin
   Follicle development
   Follicle structure and fibre growth
   Cyclic activity of follicles
   Structure of wool and hair fibres
      coarse wool
      fine wool
      alpaca
      cashmere
   Composition of wool and hair fibres
   Biosynthesis of wool keratins
      Intermediate Filament
      Matrix - High Glycine/Tyrosine
      Matrix - High Sulphur
      Matrix - Ultra High Sulphur
   Fibre growth rate and quality
   Fleece weight and its component traits
   Fibre diameter and wool comfort
   Wool colour and fleece rot
      Wool colour
      Fleece rot
   Contamination-dark and medullated fibres and vegetable matter
   Physiological and environmental influences on wool production
   Current and future developments for growing wool
   References
   Websites
Meat Production
   Growth and development
      Muscle, bone and fat in the body
      Muscle development
      Fat partitioning and distribution
   Muscle structure, contraction and energy metabolism
      Connective tissue
      Muscle type
      Post mortem metabolism
   Sensory and objective measurement of meat quality
      Introduction
      Tenderness
      Juiciness and water holding capacity
      Flavour
      Colour
   Pre-slaughter factors affecting meat quality
      Tenderness
      Juiciness
      Flavour
      Colour
   Current and future developments
   References
Sheep Management
   Introduction
      What is management?
   Husbandry operations
      Lamb marking
      Ear marking
      Castration
      Tail docking
      Mulesing
      Vaccination
      Marking and mulesing management
   Calendar of operations
      Time of lambing
      Time of shearing
      A sample calendar of operations
   Sheep production in Mediterranean and temperate environments
      Distribution and features of Mediterranean regions
      Pastures
   Sheep-crop interactions. Crop residue utilization by sheep
      Crops grown
      Factors affecting stubble value to sheep
      Crop-sheep interactions and whole farm considerations
   Supplementary feeding of sheep
      Supplements used
      Supplementary feeding management
   Economics of sheep production
      Flock structures
      Sheep reconciliation
      Income
      Costs
      Decision making aids
      Economic terminology
      Sheep enterprise profit drivers
      Stocking rate
      Time of lambing
      Wool fibre diameter premium
      Sheep price/wool price relativity
      Genetics, disease control
   Benchmarking sheep enterprise performance
      Features of a good benchmarking exercise
      Cost of production
   Managing risk in sheep production
   Economic sustainability
   Legal issues and regulations
      Sheep identification
      Animal Welfare
      Sheep transport
      Veterinary chemical treatments
   Current and future developments
   References
   Websites
Pasture Management
   Introduction
   The environment
   Zone characteristics
      High-rainfall zone
      Ley-farming zone
      The pastoral zone
   Pasture improvement
   Establishment of improved pastures
   Early grazing management
   Grazing management
   Stocking rates
   Management systems
   Grazing management and the persistence of pasture species
   Manipulating feed supply
   Factors affecting responses to feed-gap options
   Conclusions on grazing management
   Weed management
   Economics of weeds in pastures
   Weed management techniques
   Irrigated pastures
   Decision support systems
   The challenge of climate change
   Conclusions
   References
Sustainable Livestock Production
   Introduction
   Sustainability: the concept
   Sustainability in practice
   Characteristics of sustainable biophysical systems
   Sustainability characteristics, principles and goals for livestock production systems
      Farming systems
      Livestock
      Atmosphere
      Energy efficiency
      Soil
      Ground cover
      Rainfall and irrigation water
      Pasture composition
      Livestock drinking water
      Vertebrate pests
      Remnant vegetation, waterways, wildlife and biodiversity
   Increasing farm production over time?
   Six key paddock indicators for sustainable livestock production
      Indictor 1. Maximise ground cover
      Indicator 2. Maintain litter at 2 t/ha or more
      Indicator 3. Maintain 1.5–3.0 t/ha of green dry matter
      Indicator 4. Maintain a diverse pasture sward
      Indicator 5. Maintain 30% of the landscape under tall woody vegetation for shelter
      Indicator 6. Maintain optimal soil health
   Land condition of pastures in tropical savannas
   Technologies to assist producers achieve sustainable livestock businesses
      Property planning
      Landcare
      Catchment management (bioregional NRM)
   Reasons for optimism
      Rainfall-use efficiency of Australian agriculture
      Much farmland management does not cover the variable costs of production
      Production over-emphasised at the expense of management and marketing
      Farmers have no idea whether they are over or under-producing
      Farmers have direct control over pasture, green dry matter and litter biomass, pasture composition, ground cover and the amount of woody vegetation in their farmscape
   Future developments
      Global population growth
      Peak oil
      Global warming
      Substitution
      Impacts on society
   Conclusions
   References
Sheep Health
   Introduction
   Definitions and classification of sheep diseases
   Internal parasites
      Round worms (nematodes)
      Flukes (trematodes)
   Tapeworms (cestodes)
   Coccidiosis
   Diagnosis and control of worms
      Diagnosis of worm infections
      Immunity to worms
      Worm control programs
      Drenches and drench resistance
   External parasites
      Blowfly Strike (Cutaneous Myiasis)
   Sheep body lice (Bovicola ovis)
      Mites of sheep
   Diarrhoea due to non-parasitic causes
      Infectious causes of scouring
      Non-infectious causes of scouring
      Grain poisoning (ruminal lactic acidosis)
   Other bacterial, viral and fungal diseases
      Clostridial diseases
      Ovine Johne’s disease (OJD)
      Footrot
      Scabby Mouth (contagious ecthyma)
      Arthritis
      Caseous lymphadenitis (cheesy gland)
      Pneumonia
      Fungal (mycotoxin) diseases
   Metabolic diseases
      Pregnancy toxaemia
      Hypocalcaemia
      Hypomagnesaemia
      Hypothermia
   Mineral deficiencies
      Copper
      Cobalt
      Selenium
   Fleece diseases
      Dermatophilosis
      Fleece rot
   Reproductive diseases
   Management for disease prevention
   Future developments
   References
   Sheep disease texts
   Websites
Farm Structures
   What are farm structures?
   Purpose of farm structures
      Animal safety and security
      Ownership of sheep
      Protection from weather
      Management of breeding and management groups
      Disease security
      Management operations
      Movement of stock to and from the farm
      Feed intake and pasture management
      Protection of the environment
      Confinement feeding
      Multiple end uses
   Understanding sheep psychology
      Sheep lore
   Influence of the shepherd
   Integration of the sheep handling system
   Aesthetics of the structures
   Shearing sheds
      Assessing requirements
      Reviewing current facilities
      Shearing shed options
      Internal layout
   Sheepyards
      Assessing requirements
      Reviewing current facilities
      Sheepyards options
      Internal layout
      Construction materials
      Construction and testing
      Ancillary sheep handling equipment
   Laneways
      Assessing requirements
      Reviewing current facilities
      Laneway design
   Watering systems
      Assessing requirements
      Reviewing current facilities
      Water systems options
   Farm fencing
      Assessing requirements
      Reviewing current facilities
      Fencing options
   Sheep housing
      Assessing requirements
      Reviewing current facilities
      Construction options
   Recent and future developments in farm structures
      Shearing technology
      Shearing handpiece technology
   References
Extensive Grazing Systems
   World rangeland systems
   Australian rangeland systems
      Business structures
      Land tenure
   The bio-physical production system
      The climate sub-system
      The natural resources sub-system
      The plant production sub-system
      The animal production sub-system
   Recent and future developments
      Industry restructuring
      Alternative breeds
      Climate change and grazing pressure
      Environmental stewardship
      Precision pastoralism
   Conclusions
   References
   Websites
Coarse Wool Production
   Introduction
   Processing routes for coarse wool
   Seasonality of growth of coarse wool and associated changes in wool characteristics
   Factors affecting the growth patterns of coarse wool
   Interaction of wool growth with feed quality and feed intake
   Interaction of wool growth with lambing
   Shearing time versus wool characteristics
   Effects of diseases related to seasonal challenges from environmental factors that affect wool and body growth
   Managing coarse wool lambs to meet slaughter specifications
   Managing coarse wool sheep for milk production
   Balancing selection for wool, meat and milk characteristics
   On-farm management issues associated with coarse wool sheep
      Age effect and flock structure
      Sex ratio
      Joining
      Shepherding during winter
      Lambing
      Docking (removal of tail)
      Developing “easy-care” sheep
   Clip preparation and marketing
   Current and future developments
   References
   Websites
Intensive Production Systems
   Lamb feedlot
      Feedlot design
      Animal welfare
   Accelerated lambing
      Introduction
   Sheep dairying
      World production
      Potential for an Australian industry
      Designs of sheep dairies
      Breeds and management
   Ultra fine wool from shedded sheep
      Sheep selection
      Management
      Animal health and welfare
      Nutrition
      Housing
      Marketing
      Clip preparation
   Irrigated pastures and fodder crops
   Current and future developments
   References
   Website
Wool Preparation, Testing and Marketing
   Australian wool types
   Wool products
   Wool properties
      Yield
      Fibre diameter
      Vegetable matter
      Staple length and strength
      Clean colour
      Dark fibres
      Resistance to compression
   Wool classing
      Traditional clip preparation
      Objective clip preparation  (OCP)
      Current clip-preparation guidelines
   Wool sampling and testing
      Core sampling
      Core testing
      Grab sampling (full-length wool)
   Wool marketing
   Packaging and transport
      Transport and dumping
      Warehousing
   Future developments
   References
   Websites
Wool Processing
   Wool processing pipelines
   Wool scouring
      Objectives of scouring
      Scouring fine wools
      Effluent treatment
   Carbonising
   Wool yarn manufacture
   Principles of carding
   Woollen yarn manufacture
      Woollen carding
      Woollen spinning
      Other steps in the woollen system
   Worsted yarn manufacture
      Carding and preparer gilling
      Combing
      Backwashing
      Worsted spinning
      Subsequent processes
   Semiworsted yarn manufacture
   Fibre properties and worsted processing performance
   Wool dyeing
      Loose stock dyeing
      Top dyeing
      Yarn dyeing
      Piece dyeing
      Garment dyeing
   Fabric formation
      Weaving
      Knitting
      Nonwovens
   Fabric finishing
   Carpet manufacture
      Tufting
      Patterned tufted carpets
      Wool for carpets
   Future developments
   References
   Websites
The Future of Wool as an Apparel Fibre
   The apparel wool industry as a business entity
   Sales income for the global apparel wool enterprise
      Global estimates of the value of retail sales of wool apparel
      Estimating the unit retail value of apparel wool
   Retail value per retailed kilogram for different wool apparel products
   The evolving consumer of wool apparel
      Where are the major consumers of wool apparel located?
      What fabric attributes do consumers seek?
   Future viability of wool apparel product categories
   Physical evidence of demand shifts
   An Australian perspective
      Production trends
      Retail income earning capacity and retail benchmarks
   Competitive considerations
   Future developments
   References
Skins
   Introduction
   World production and trade
   Flaying
   Preservation
   Fellmongering
   Intermediate processing
   Pickling
   Tanning
   Skin faults
      Shearing scar
      Ribby pelts
      Whitespot
      Cockle
      Pinhole
      Delamination
      Seed damage
   Woolskins
   Slink skin
   Slipe wool
   Recent and future developments
      Globalisation
      Environmental sustainability
      Fashions
      Summary
   References
Marketing of Sheep and Sheep Meat
   Introduction
   Lamb markets
   Australian lamb specifications
   Mutton markets and specifications
   Live export market
   Live sheep export markets and specifications
   Sourcing and transporting sheep
   Live assessment
      Assessment of lambs and sheep for sale
      Estimating carcass weight
      Fat scoring sheep and lambs
      Fatness
      Skin weight adjustment
      Sex
      Breed
      Carcass trim
      Hot and cold weight
      Seasonal variation
   Marketing systems
      Saleyard auctions
      Auction Plus
      Paddock sales
      Over the Hook (OTH) trading
      Forward contracts
   Recent advances in supply chain management
   Producer marketing groups
      Tender Plus: A case study
      Carcass feedback and traceability
      Video Image Analysis VIAscan®
      Quality assurance systems for sheep meat
      National Livestock  Reporting Service (NLRS)
   References
   Websites
Processing of Sheep and Sheep meats
   Pre-slaughter handling and lairage
      Dehydration
      Stress effects
      Management pre-slaughter
   Slaughter process
      Stunning
      Immobilisation
      Pelt removal and dressing
      Electronic bleeding
      Evisceration
   Meat inspection
   Carcass measurement
      Methods of measurement
      Application of measures
   Chilling, freezing & boning
      Chilling
      Freezing
      Boning
      Hot boning
      Cold boning
   Processing methods & technology to enhance quality
      Electrical stimulation
      Conditioning
      Tender stretching
      Ageing
      Steps to enhance tenderness
      Vacuum packing
      Tips for extending keeping quality
   Grading sheep meat for eating quality
   References
Appendix A - Nutrient Composition of Feeds
Appendix B - Australian Sheep Enterprise Gross Margins
Appendix C - Australian Wool and Sheep Meat Prices
Appendix D - World Wool Types
   Colour Midpoints
   Descriptors
   Vegetable Matter
   Uruguay
   South Africa
   China
   Europe
Glossary of Sheep and Wool Terms
Index

Éditions

Édition originale (Inkata Press, 1991)

Réédition (Nottingham University Press, 2010)

eBook (Nottingham University Press, 2010)

Date de publication initiale : 9 mars 2021 Date de dernière mise à jour : -